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The Schola Cantorum of Rome
The Schola Cantorum was the trained papal choir during the Middle Ages, specializing in the performance of plainchant for the purpose of rendering the music in church. In the fourth century, Pope Sylvester I was said to have inaugurated the first Schola Cantorum, but it was Pope Gregory the Great who established the school on a firm basis and endowed it.〔Giulio Cattin, ''Music of the Middle Ages I'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 51.〕 The choir ranged anywhere from twenty to thirty boys or men. Only the most skilled in singing were selected to participate in the Schola Cantorum.〔W.J. Henderson, ''Early History of Singing'' (Longsman, Green: New York 1921) 31.〕
==Ancient Heritage==
Due to the lack of a system of notation and theoretical writings, there is very little known about the musical systems prior to the Greeks.〔Henderson, ''Early History of Singing'', 1.〕 Musicians of the middle age did not have a single example of Greek or Roman music. It was not until the Renaissance that historians discovered only a few ancient songs and hymns of the classical era.〔Donald Jay Grout and Claude Palisca, ''A History of Western Music'' (New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc, 1996), 1.〕 From these surviving specimens, we can see that primitive music developed in two major ways. The first was that singing was primarily monophonic – that is, melody without harmony or counterpoint. The soloist would sing based on the repetition of two neighboring tones with no accompaniment. The second was of an improvisatory style where the melody and rhythm were intimately bound up with the melody and rhythm of poetry.〔Harold Gleason, ''Music Literature Outlines, Series I: Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance'' (Rochester, New York: Levi Music Stores, 1951), I-3.〕
To the west, the Romans left very few traces of musical development partly because it was deliberately suppressed during the persecution of Christians during the first two centuries.〔Cattin, ''Music of the Middle Ages I'', 1.〕 Leaders of the early Christian church wanted to exterminate music which had memories associated with the revels and rituals with Roman music.〔Cattin, ''Music of the Middle Ages I'', 2.〕 However, it was during this period that art, architecture, music, philosophy, new religious rites, and many other aspects of Greek culture were brought in from the Hellenistic world.〔Grout, Palisca, ''A History of Western Music'', 16.〕 It is uncertain whether or not Romans made any significant contributions to the theory or practice of music, but historians are certain that their music was derived from the Greeks.〔Palisca, ''A History of Western Music'', 15.〕
Singing is so basic to man that its origins are long lost in antiquity and predate the development of the spoken language. We do know however, that music of the early Middle Ages in Western Europe was derived from the ancient Greeks in terms of form and concept. The singer would sing improvised or monophonic melodies with the rhythm, accent, and movement according to the text. This ancient heritage would greatly influence development of music in Western Europe through the Christian Church.〔Palisca, ''A History of Western Music'', 16.〕
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